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Forensics
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LC/MS/MS Analysis of Diuretics in Urine |
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LC/MS/MS Analysis of Diuretics in Urine: Proper Column Choice Takes Matrix out of the Equation
By Amanda Rigdon, Clinical/Forensic Innovations Chemist, Takeo Sakuma, Senior Research Scientist MDS Analytical Technologies (SCIEX), and Becky Wittrig, Global HPLC Specialist
- Ultra II™ Biphenyl columns resolve compounds that coelute on phenyl hexyl columns.
- Improve quantitation through resolution of compounds from isobaric matrix interferences.
- Fast, 8-minute analysis, including re-equilibration.
The most common method for the detection of performance enhancing drugs, also known as doping agents, is urine analysis. Diuretics are often used in an effort to mask the presence of performance enhancing drugs since they act to dilute urine. Because of this, the use of diuretics has been banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Most common diuretics are included in the WADA list of banned substances, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics, loop diuretics, and thiazides (Figure 1). Due to the high degree of functionalization of these molecules, many of them are hydrophilic, which can make them very difficult to retain using conventional C18 columns. Phenyl columns are a good alternative, as they generally have better hydrophilic retention; however, not all phenyl columns produce adequate results.
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5 Minute Analysis of Vitamin D in Serum by LC/MS/MS |
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5 Minute Analysis of Vitamin D in Serum by LC/MS/MS
By Amanda Rigdon, Innovations Chemist and Becky Wittrig, Global HPLC Specialist
- High sensitivity improves low level accuracy in matrix.
- 5 minute analysis time speeds up sample throughput.
- Excellent selectivity for vitamin D minimizes matrix interference.
Monitoring of vitamin D levels in patients is important for the prevention and control of disease. Vitamin D, specifically 25-hydroxy vitamin D, plays a critical role in controlling calcium and phosphate levels in the body. If these levels are not adequately controlled, bone conditions such as rickets in children or osteoporosis in adults may occur. 25-hydroxy vitamin D is a hydrophobic, fat soluble vitamin that is absorbed like a fat in the intestines. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions that interfere with fat absorption, such as Crohn's disease. Since vitamin D analysis is one of the most commonly run procedures in clinical labs, high throughput, high sensitivity analytical methods are desirable. Conventional techniques for vitamin D analysis, based on immunoassay or LC/UV, often lack adequate sensitivity, specificity, and speed; thus, interest in LC/MS/MS methods is growing. Here we establish conditions for routine vitamin D testing by LC/MS/MS which result in highly symmetric peaks that elute in just 5 minutes.
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Sensitive GC/MS Analysis for Drugs of Abuse |
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1ng Limit of Detection for Acidic/Neutral or Basic Drugs on New Rxi™-5ms Column
By Kristi Sellers, Clinical/Forensic Innovations Chemist
- New stationary phase, inert to acidic or basic drugs.
- Unique deactivation allows 1ng LOD.
- Column technology specially developed for GC/MS.
GC/MS is considered the standard for confirming the presence of abused drugs in body fluids, including acidic drugs (e.g., methaqualone), neutral drugs (e.g., phenobarbital), and basic drugs (e.g., methamphetamine). These methods are well established, and the positive identifications that mass spectral data generate are accepted as confirming evidence in courts of law. The accepted stationary phase for these analyses is a 5% phenyl / 95% methyl polysiloxane phase, because it provides the best selectivity for separating the drugs and their metabolites. Unfortunately, not all 5% phenyl columns provide the inertness needed to accurately quantify low concentrations of reactive acidic or basic drugs.
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Rapid, Sensitive HPLC/TOF-MS Analysis for Cocaine |
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Rapid, Sensitive HPLC/TOF-MS Analysis for Cocaine
Using an Allure® PFP Propyl Column
by Kristi Sellers, Clinical/Forensic Innovations Chemist, Julie Kowalski, Innovations Chemist, and Becky Wittrig, Ph.D., HPLC Products Marketing Manager
Introduction
When introduced into the body, cocaine produces three main metabolites: benzoylecgonine, ecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester. To determine the presence of cocaine and/or these metabolites, urine samples are screened using enzyme immunoassay, and positive results are confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is widely used for confirmation because MS data provide positive identification based on mass spectral information, and can be used as confirming evidence in courts of law. Although GC/MS methods are well established, and provide excellent confirmation data, analysis time is long and sample preparation, which includes derivatization, is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Figure 1 shows a GC/MS analysis of TMS derivatives of cocaine and its metabolites, with an analysis time of 14 minutes.
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